A 3 phase UPS system is essential for protecting critical equipment. It is crucial in data centers, industrial facilities, hospitals, and large commercial sites. Oversizing wastes capital and energy; undersizing risks equipment shutdown or UPS failure during an outage. Choosing the correct size is crucial for ensuring reliable backup and power conditioning. It is also important to avoid overspending on an oversized system.
Understand the Load Types and Requirements
Before selecting a UPS, start by identifying all the equipment that needs backup power.
Three-phase UPS systems typically protect:
- IT loads (servers, storage, networking)
- Industrial motors and drives
- Medical imaging equipment
- Building management and lighting systems
Key parameters you must collect:
- Total apparent power (kVA) and real power (kW)
- Power factor (PF) – modern IT loads are usually 0.9–1.0, older loads can be 0.8 or lower
- Inrush current / starting current (especially important for motors, transformers, chillers)
- Voltage (208 V, 380 V, 400 V, 415 V, 480 V, 600 V, etc.)
- Future expansion plans (typically 20–30% headroom is recommended)
If your loads are not listed in kVA, use the formula:
kVA = kW ÷ Power Factor (PF)
Calculate the Total Load in kVA
The fundamental calculation for 3 phase UPS system sizing involves converting equipment power requirements. These requirements are converted to apparent power in kilovolt-amperes (kVA). Follow these steps:
Convert Watts to Volt-Amperes (VA)
For equipment rated in watts, convert to VA using power factor:
Power (VA) = Power (W) / Power Factor (PF)
Typical power factors range from 0.7 to 1.0. For IT servers, use 0.9; for general industrial loads, use 0.8 unless specifications indicate otherwise.
Calculate 3-Phase Load
For 3-phase systems, apparent power is calculated per phase, then combined to determine total UPS capacity:
Three-phase Power (VA)=√3 × Voltage (V) × Current (A) × Power Factor
Alternatively, if calculating per-phase loads:
Total kVA = [Phase 1 (kVA)+Phase 2 (kVA)+Phase 3 (kVA)] / 1000
Or, if one phase carries the largest load:
Total kVA = Maximum Phase Load (kVA)×3
Example calculation:
For a 3 phase ups system at 480V with 100A per phase and power factor 0.9:
VA = √3 × 480V × 100A × 0.9 = 74,830 VA ≈ 75 kVA
Sum All Connected Loads
Create a detailed load inventory table listing each device, its voltage, current, power factor, and resulting VA/kVA. Add all values to determine total system load. For balanced 3-phase loads, ensure current is reasonably distributed across all three phases; imbalance exceeding 10% may warrant load redistribution.
Account for Inrush and Peak Currents
Equipment such as motors, compressors, and laser printers draw significantly higher currents during startup compared to normal operation. This is called inrush current or starting current.
Inrush Current Multiplier:
Motors typically draw 5–7 times their running full-load current (FLC) during startup. For critical motor loads:
Starting Current=FLC × Inrush Multiplier (5-7)
The UPS must be sized to handle both this peak inrush and the sustained run current. A general rule for systems with motors is to select a UPS rated at 1.5 to 2 times the motor’s rated power.
For applications with motor loads, limit motors to 30–40% of total UPS capacity. This ensures the UPS has sufficient margin. It can handle inrush events without overload or bypass activation.
Determine Phase Configuration
3 phase UPS system comes in three configuration types:
| Configuration | Input | Output | Best for | Load Scenario |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3/3 | 3-phase | 3-phase | 3-phase loads (servers, cooling, HVAC) | Balanced 3-phase industrial/data center loads |
| 3/1 | 3-phase | Single-phase | Mixed single-phase loads fed from 3-phase supply | Offices, IT equipment, SCADA/DCS systems; up to ~60 kVA common for offices, up to 200 kVA for industrial |
| 1/1 | Single-phase | Single-phase | Small offices, retail, branch locations | Not relevant for 3-phase supply context |
For most data centers and industrial facilities with 3-phase input and 3-phase loads, a 3/3 configuration is preferred. This setup eliminates the need to manually balance single-phase loads across the three input phases. It simplifies central power protection. Additionally, it reduces overall capital and cooling costs compared to multiple distributed UPS units.
Apply Safety Margin and Growth Factor
UPS systems should never run at 100% rated capacity continuously. Industry practice is to add a safety margin and account for future growth.
Safety Margin Calculation:
Final UPS Size (kVA) = Calculated Load (kVA) × 1.25
The 20% multiplier accomplishes two goals:
Operational headroom: Maintains efficiency (UPS efficiency typically remains strong between 40–100% load; below 40%, efficiency drops significantly).
Future growth: Provides capacity for planned equipment additions without immediate replacement.
Some facilities use 10% if growth is not anticipated, or up to 30% for rapidly expanding operations.
Redundancy Considerations
For critical applications, redundancy configurations determine overall UPS capacity requirements:
N+1 Redundancy (Standard)
With N+1, if one UPS fails or enters maintenance, the remaining UPS(es) continue to support the load. Total installed capacity = (Load / N) × (N + 1).
Example:
A 150 kW data center load with N+1 and 50 kW modules:
- Modules required without redundancy: 150 ÷ 50 = 3 modules
- Total capacity with N+1: 4 × 50 kW = 200 kW installed
- Each module operates at 150 ÷ 4 = 37.5 kW (75% utilization)
N+2 and 2N Configurations
Higher redundancy for mission-critical systems. 2N means full parallel duplication (e.g., two independent 150 kW systems for 150 kW load). These configurations are more expensive but provide maximum resilience.
Modular vs. Monolithic Design:
- Modular systems allow N+1 or N+2 redundancy through multiple smaller units, enabling maintenance without shutdown and easier scalability.
- Monolithic systems offer simplicity but lack granular redundancy unless paired with a second full-size unit.
Battery Capacity and Runtime
First, size the UPS in kVA. Then, calculate the battery capacity to support the load. This should cover the required autonomy time, typically 5–30 minutes.
Battery Power Calculation:
Battery Load (W) = [Inverter Output (kVA)×Power Factor×1000] / UPS Efficiency
Account for design margins, battery aging (typically 1.25 factor), and temperature effects (TCF):
Adjusted Battery Load (W) = Battery Load×Design Margin×Aging Factor×TCF
Battery strings are then sized based on required AH (ampere-hour) capacity to achieve the specified runtime. For extended runtime, multiple battery strings in parallel increase total capacity.
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